Indonesian ethnic violence in Kalimantan from 1999 to 2001. The first clip depicts an ethnic Madurese individual surrounded and assaulted with swords and spears by Malay and Dayak groups (Indigenous peoples of Borneo). Another clip shows a standoff between two opposing groups.

The Madurese were among the ethnic communities relocated to Kalimantan under Indonesia’s New Order transmigration program. Local Kalimantan communities often viewed them negatively and perceived them as abrasive. Tensions escalated during the political transition period following the fall of the Soeharto regime, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of ethnic violence.